IMPERATIVE SENTENCES IN THE NOVEL THE LOST WORLD: AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE AND QUALITY

This research aimed to find the translation techniques used to translate the imperative sentences and the impact to the translation quality which is found in the dialogues of novel The Lost World. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected by analyzing, questioning and interviewing to the raters. The analysis was started by finding and classifying the imperative sentences based on the theory of Greenbaum and Quirk (1990). Then, analyzing the translation techniques based on the theory of Molina and Albir (2002) and analyzing the translation quality based on Nababan (2012). The researcher found 63 data of imperative sentences in novel The Lost World. There are 45 data (71,4%) imperative sentences without subject, 4 data (6,35%) of imperative sentences with subject, 2 data (3,07%) of imperative sentences with let and 12 data (19,04%) of negative imperative. The researcher also found 12 translation techniques, they are amplification 8 data (8,42%), borrowing 3 data (3,15%), compensation 5 data (5,26%), established equivalent 15 data (15,78%), linguistics amplification 2 data (2,10%), linguistics compression 7 data (7,36%), literal translation 39 data (41,05%), modulation 2 data (2,10%), particularization, 1 datum (1,05%), reduction 7 data (7,36%), transposition 2 data (2,10%), variation 4 data (4,21%) with total data 95. The result of translation quality of imperative sentences found in the dialogues of novel The Lost World is qualified or well translated with final score of translation quality is 2,83. With the 2,78 for accuracy aspect, 2,85 for the acceptability aspect and 2,91 for the readability aspect.


INTRODUCTION
Translation becomes a common thing nowadays. Hassan (2011:2) says that -Translation plays an important role in increasing awareness and understanding among diverse cultures and nations‖. In other words, translation helps people to understand another culture in their own language. Nida (1969:12) states that translation is producing in the receptor or language the closest natural equivalent of the message of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
Translation is easy to find in daily life. We can find translation applied in movies, books, games, and etc. Novel is one of the literary works which needs translation, in order to be enjoyed in many languages. One of the novels translated into Indonesia is entitled The Lost World by Arthur Conan Doyle. Novel The Lost World is DOI: https://doi.org/10.36841/pioneer.v12i1.542 a fiction novel that tells about two professors which have different opinion about the dinosaurs and their journey to an isolated land. Imperative sentences are sentences which used to give instructions and ask someone to do something. Azar (2003:213) stated that imperative sentences are used to give commands, make polite request, and give directions. According to Greenbaum and Quirk (1991:231) -Imperatives are sentences which normally have no overt grammatical subject, and whose verb has the base form‖ that means imperative sentences usually have no grammatical subject and began with verb. They also stated that imperatives are divided into five types, they are imperative without subject, imperative with subject, imperative with let negative imperative and do positive imperative.
The researcher analyzed about the techniques used to translate imperative sentences found in the dialogues or conversation of novel The Lost World. The researcher used theory from Greenbaum and Quirk (1991) to identify the kinds of imperative sentences, theory from Molina and Albir (2002) to identify the translation technique used and the theory from Nababan and Nuraeni (2012) to analyze the quality of translation. This research is limited to the imperative sentences which found in the dialogues in both English and Indonesian version of novel The Lost World. The researcher analyzed about the techniques used to translate imperative sentences found in the dialogues or conversation of novel The Lost World. The researcher used theory from Greenbaum and Quirk (1991) to identify the kinds of imperative sentences, theory from Molina and Albir (2002) to identify the translation technique used and the theory from Nababan and Nuraeni (2012) to analyze the quality of translation.

Translation
Translation is process transferring meaning of source language to TT. Nida (1969:12) said that -translation is producing in the receptor or language the closest natural equivalent of the message of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style‖. Based on the statement, we can conclude that translation is process of transferring meaning of source language to target language in term of meaning and style. Molina and Albir (2002:498) said that -A Technique is a result of a choice made by a translator‖. The translation techniques are refers to the result of a choice that was taken by the translator to translate a text from source language to target language.

Translation Quality
Translation is the ways to convey a meaning from one language to another language. Translation can be called as qualified translation if fulfill three aspects.

Accuracy Aspect
Accuracy aspect is an aspect to evaluate the result of translation in the message of the source language and the target language are equivalent or not. In conclussion, the meaning of the source language and the target language are same or not. Therefore, the efforts to add or reduce the meaning or the content on the target text should be avoided.
If the translator add or reduce the content and the meaning of the text, it means the translator did not respect to the author or writer of the source text.

Acceptability Aspect
The second aspect of the translation quality is Acceptability. Acceptability term refers to whether a translation is translated according to the rules, norms and culture of the target language. The result of translation which already accurate will be rejected if by the reader of the target text and did not follow th target text's norms, rules and cultures.

Readability Aspect
The last aspect in quality of translation is readability. The term of readability concerns to the source language and target language also. In every process of ttranslating text from source text to the target text the translator should read both of the source text and the target text.

Types of Sentence
Sentence is a combination of words that give meaning. According to Andersen (2014) -Sentence is a complete set of words that conveys meaning. A sentence can communicate a statement, a command, an exclamation, a question‖. According to Greenbaum and Quirk (1991:231) simple sentences are divided into four syntactic types with different discourse functions:

Declaratives
Declaratives are sentences which the subject is present and precede the verb (1991:231). Example: ‖Pauline gave Tom a digital watch for his birthday.‖

Interrogatives
Interrogatives are sentences which are formally marked in one of two ways.

1.
yes-no interrogatives: subject is placed after the operator. Example : -Did Pauline give Tom a digital watch for his birthday?‖ 2. wh-interrogatives: an interrogative which began with wh-element and followed by operator. Example: -What did Pauline give to Tom for his birthday?‖

Exclamatives
Exlamative sentences are sentences which began with what or how and followed by subject-verb order. Example: ‖What a fine watch he received for his birthday!‖

Imperatives
Imperatives are sentences normally have no gramatical subject and verb has the base form. Imperative sentences are divided into five: Imperative without Subject Greenbaum and Quirk (1991:431) stated that, -Imperative sentence is different with declarative sentence, imperative sentences generally has no subject and has a verb as the base form‖. Otherwise, the clause patterns of imperative sentences are same as declaratives, for example: To analyze the data, the researcher used a theory from Spradley (1980) who introduced a model to analyze the content of qualitative study in his book -Participant Observation‖. Spreadly introduced four steps to analyze data, the steps are; first, domain analysis is a process of separating the data with other components, which do not belong to data. In this part, the researcher took dialogues or conversations which contain imperative sentences. Then, the researcher gave codes to each data. Second, taxonomic analysis involves a search for the way cultural domains are organized. The researcher classified the data based on their categories in this step. The categories are types of imperative sentences and the translation techniques. Third, componential analysis involves a search for the attributes of terms in each domain. In componential analysis, the researcher analyzed impact of translation techniques to the translation quality.
Fourth, theme analysis involves a search for the relationship among domains and for how they are linked to the cultural scene as a whole. The relationship can be analyzed from the translation techniques used to translate the imperative sentences and the quality of the translations to know the patterns and explained how the patterns appear. After that all the information is used to draw a conclusion.

Findings
The findings in this research are the imperative sentences found in the dialogues of novel The Lost World and its translation, translation techniques and translation quality.

Imperative with subject
This research found four data included to imperative with subject. According to Greenbaum and Quirk (1991:242)

The Impact and the Usage of Translation Technique
Translation technique which used to analyze the imperative sentences found in the dialogues of novel The Lost World is a theory of Molina and Albir (2002 The sentence -Come in!‖ translated into -Kemari kau!‖. The word -Kau‖ is not formulated in the ST but exist in the TT. Thus, the word -kau‖ is an additional information which added to TT text to help readers understand the sentences easily.

Borrowing
The translator used this technique to take the word or expression straight from another language. This technique is divided into two, they are pure and naturalized borrowing. There are 3 data (3,15%); positive imperative 3 data and negative The example above is translated using established equivalence technique. The word -hold‖ in the source text translated into -tenangkan‖ in the target text which is usual daily expression.

Linguistics Amplification
To add linguistics elements in the target language, the translator used this The amplification technique used to translate the data above. The phrase -terus berlangsung‖ was added in the target text to give more details.

Linguistics Compression
It is used to synthesize linguistic elements in the TT. There are seven data The word -Cut--and‖ in the ST is deleted in the TT. It is proven that the data above is translated using reduction technique which is aim to suppress the ST information in the TT.

Particularization
Particularization technique used to change the general word or phrase into more specific. There is one datum (1,05%) of imperative sentences without subject which translated using this technique. The datum is less accurate, acceptable, and include to moderate readability level. The datum is shownbelow: ST: Put it down in your diary, my young friend, and send it to your rag. Particularization technique found in the data above. This technique used to translate the word -rag‖ in ST into -koran picisanmu‖ in the TT.

Transposition
To change a grammatical category, the translator used the transposition technique. There are 2 data (2,10%) of imperative sentences without subject that translated using this technique, there is one datum accurate, eon datum less accurate and all the data are acceptable and include to high readability level. The example showed below.
The change of grammatical category did not affect to the message or information of the sentence.

Variation
It is used to change linguistic or paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of linguistic variation. There are four data (4,21%); 3 data of imperative sentences without subject and one datum of imperative sentences with subject. All the data which translated using this technique are accurate, acceptable and include to high readability level. The example showed below. The variation technique can be found in the data above. The word -young fellah‖ which translated into -Anak Muda‖ using this technique. It is showed by the change of the style which is adjust with the TL.
The results of the translation quality of imperative sentences found in the dialogues of novel The Lost World are accurate with the final score 2,78, acceptable with score 2,85 and high readability with score 2,91. Thus, the final score of the translation quality is 2,83 which mean the translation are qualified or well translated.
According to Greenbaum and Quirk (1990) The usage of the diction, grammar and punctuation also gave impact to the translation quality. The unsuitable diction made the reader difficult to understand the point of its sentence. The usage of incorrect grammar and punctuation also gave impact to the acceptability aspect.
The translation of imperative sentences found in the dialogues of novel The Lost World are qualified or well translated with the final score 2,83. This final score was taken from final score of each assessments of translation quality. The translation got score 2,78 for accuracy aspect, 2,85 for the acceptability aspect and 2,91 for the readability aspect.

Suggestion
There are some suggestions for the translator, the reader and other researchers, they are; the researcher suggests, learn the cultures of both source language and target language will help and make translator easier to translate the word, phrase, sentence in a novel or movie. The translator also needs to know the target reader, so the translator can