THE IMPACTS OF BULLYING TO THE MAIN CHARACTER IN THE MOVIE CARRIE: A LITERARY PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

In this research, the researcher identified the types of bullying and described the impacts of bullying to the main character in movie Carrie. The data in this research are in the form of utterances and actions that contains bullying in movie Carrie. This research was done by analyzing the data qualitatively. Here are the steps to analyze the data; 1) identifying or classifying data based on the types of bullying by The National Centre Againts Bullying (2019), 2) describing impacts of bullying used theory of Ken Righby in Can J Psychiatry (2003), and 3) making the conclusion based on the types and impacts of bullying in movie Carrie. The finding of the research showed that there were three impacts of bullying on the main character in movie Carrie: low psychological well-being, poor adjustment, and psychological distress. Low psychological well-being was the most dominant impact of bullying occurred in movie Carrie. There were four types of bullying found in movie Carrie: physical bullying, verbal bullying, social bullying, and cyber bullying. Verbal bullying was the most dominant type of bullying found in movie Carrie.


INTRODUCTION
In this era, movie is not only used as a medium of entertainment but movie is also one of the media used to convey messages or information and as a medium of propaganda. As a mass media, the movie is also used as a medium to describe issues that occur in society, or to form reality itself. Stories in the movie usually depart from a phenomenon that occurs around us because nowadays the movie also serves as a shaper of mass culture. Among the issues that arose in society school bullying is an issue that gets a lot of attention from the public.
Bullying action not only leads to psychic trauma, but also causes casualties and triggered the act of revenge. According to Bauman (2008: 365-375), bullying is the use of violence, threats, or coercion to abuse or intimidate other peop. Bullying act that occurs in various places is one of the social reality that many raised into the movie. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36841/pioneer.v12i1.539 Here the researcher selects Carrie as the object of her research. Carrie is an American supernatural horror film of 2013 produced by MGM and Screen Gems, and was released on October 18, 2013. Carrie tells the story of an ignorant girl named Carrie who lives with her religious and conservative mother, Margaret White.
The researcher chose to focus about literary psychological to represent the types and the impacts of bullying to main character in Carrie. So, the researcher formulated the research problem as followings: What are the types of bullying found in Carrie?
What are the bullying impacts to the main character in Carrie? The benefits of this study are: This research could share the knowledge about bullying and psychological.
Then, the readers could inform the cause and effect of bullying, so the readers in society could avoid it. This research can be an additional information or knowledge for future researchers.

Literature
Literature is a form of human expression; However, not everything expressed in words, even when organized and written down, is counted as literature. Such primarily informative writing forms -technical, scholarly, journalistic-would be excluded from the rank of literature by most, though not all, critics. Though, certain forms of writing, are universally regarded as belonging to literature as an art. Individual attempts within these forms are seen to succeed if they possess artistic merit and to fail if they do not.
The nature of artistic merit is less easy to define than to recognize. The writer does not even need to pursue it to attain it. On the contrary, a scientific exposition might be of great literary value and a pedestrian poem of none at all.
The purest (or, at least, the most intense) literary form is the lyric poem, and after it, comes elegiac, epic, dramatic, narrative, and expository verses. Most theories of literary criticism base themselves on an analysis of poetry as the aesthetic problems of literature are there presented in the simplest and purest form. Poetry that fails as literature is not called poetry at all but verse. Many novels, certainly all the world's great novels, are literature. Nonetheless, there are thousands that are not so considered.
Most great dramas are considered literature.

Psychology
Literary Psychology is a text analysis taking into account the relevance and role of psychological studies. Hence, psychology plays an important part in analyzing a literary work by working from the psychological angle of the literary works both from the author, character, and readers. By focusing attention on the characters, we can analyze the inner conflicts contained in the literary work. Thus, it can be generally concluded that the relationship between literature and psychology is so close that it melts and gives birth to a new science called "Literary Psychology". The phenomenon of literature as a personal mirror has long been developed; However, the term "mirror" is a personal reflection of the author because it is not always the person of the author as entry into the rich literature (Endraswara, 2008:28).
Personality is closely related to human behavior. As a "producer" of personality, man should reflect on his own behavior. The "freedom" in literature exists and occurs according to human behavior as its constituent, thereby becoming a "whole human culture". Morality and behavior that it formed could represent a society or class if it has become a habit. The important thing is that there is no personality law apart from the theory of psychology. Personality psychology studies the human personality with the object of research factors that affect human behavior. The first goal of personality psychology is to obtain information about human behavior. The second goal is encouraging individuals to live a full and satisfactory life. Then, the last goal is that the individual is able to fully develop his or her potential through the change of the psychological environment.
In psychology there are three schools of thought (Koswara, 1991): psychoanalysis, which presents humans as the formation of instincts and personality conflicts.
2. behaviorism, characterizing humanity as a flexible, passive and obedient victim against environmental stimuli.
3. humanistic psychology, man is described as a free and dignified creature and always moves towards the disclosure of all his potential if the environment allows it.
According to Corey (2003:13), the main historical contributions of psychoanalytic theory and practice cover: 1. the individual's mental life becomes understandable, and an understanding of human nature can be applied to the relief of human suffering.

2.
behavior is known to be determined by unconscious factors often 3. early childhood developments have a strong influence on adulthood's personalities.
4. psychoanalytic theories provide a valuable framework for understanding the ways in which individuals deal with anxiety by assuming there are working mechanisms to avoid anxiety.

5.
the psychoanalytic approach has provided ways of seeking information from the unconscious through the analysis of dreams, resistances, and transitions.

Bullying
Shetgiri (2013)  3. Psychological distress. This is considered more serious than the first two categories.
This state includes high levels of anxiety, depression, and suicidal thought.
4. Physical unwellness. There are clear signs of physical disorder evident in medically diagnosed illness.

Synopsis
Carrie is a remake of a movie with the same title released in 1976. Unlike the version of the 1976 release, the remake focuses more on Carrie and Margaret's relationship. Carrie tells the story of a girl named Carrie who lived with her religious and conservative mother, Margaret White. Excommunicated with the mother by the environment where they live, Carrie who was a gentle girl turned into an ignorant girl at her age. One day when Carrie was showering, she shouted asking for help because he saw much blood on her body. Since then,Carrie was seen strange by his friends.

METHOD
In conducting this research, the researcher used descriptive qualitative approach.
According to Moleong (1998), the qualitative method is a research procedure which results in descriptive data and inclines to use analysis more care about process and meaning from the research objectives. The data source in this research is a movie entitled Carrie. Then, the research data were in the form of utterances, behavior, and situation that involved the main character which indicate the types and impacts of bullying. The researcher used herself as the main instrument by watching movie and analysing the data . The movie was analyzed carefully by content analysis after watching Carrie.
There were some steps of collecting the data in order to complete this research: Watching Carrie a few times, screencapturing the scenes with the subtitle and situation indicating bullying, and noting down the data in the table of data collection. To analyze the data, the researcher used some theories from experts. For that, there were some steps to anyalze the data: Identifying types of bullying found in Carrie by using of the National Against Centre Bullying (2019), explaining or describing impacts of bullying experienced by main character. The researcher used the theory from Ken Rigby (2003), and drawing conclusion or making conclusion about the types and impacts of bullying in Carrie.

Findings
This section presents the data contain of bullying found in Carrie.there were nine data found by researcher. The data found were four verbal bullyings, two social bullyings, two cyber bullyings, and one for physical bullying. Those bullyings gave the impacts to the main character in Carrie, the researcher found five low psychological well-being, and three poor social adjustment. The findings were obtained based on the types of bullying and the impacts of bullying in movie Carrie.

Verbal bullying
Verbal bullying occurs when an individual uses a verbal language (e.g., insult, tease, etc) to gain power over his or her peers. For example, a less athletically inclined peer may be called nerd or wimp.
The utterance "you eat shit" was said by Chris to Carrie in the swimming pool because Carrie could not serve the ball and all her friends laughed at her and Chris threw the ball at Carrie while saying bad words to Carrie. Chris said harsh word to Carrie by saying that she would eat shit. Her utterance was involved as a verbal bullying. "You eat shit" is a kind of verbal bullying because the sentence showed humiliation done by Chris to Carrie. The impactof this bullying is low psychological well-being. Carrie as the victim of bullying felt low self-esteeem and sadness because at the same time she was in the swimming pool and many others student looked at her and laughed to her loudly.

Social bullying
Social bullying, sometimes referred to as relational bullying, can occur in the form of hurting someone's reputation and or relationships. Social bullying includes: leaving someone out on purpose, telling other children not to be friends with someone, spreading rumors about someone, and embarrassing someone in public.

Figure 1. Social Bullying
The picture showed when Carrie asked her friend for help, all her friend taunted Carrie by saying the sentence "plug it up". This happened when Carrie was in the locker room and Carrie continued to shout for help from her friend but no one helped them all keep cheering and not helping her. Instead of helping Carrie, they shouted at her. This behavior is included as social bullying, because the action all of the girls embarrassed Carrie. It made Carrie sad, and sad itself is included into low psychological well-being.

Cyber bullying
Cyber bullying takes place over digital devices/gadgets, like cell phones,  The situation in the picture is when all her friends mocked Carrie and said the sentence "plug it up" and one of her friends was Chris recorded Carrie's video. This happened where Chris was recording while Carrie was asking for help with a bloodfilled body running out of the bathroom, buther friends were cheering continuously. All her friend threw a bandage at Carrie and it made her sad. Images or videos are included into cyber bullying. Cyber bullying can happen anytime. It can be done publicly or privately and sometimes is only known by the target and the person doing to bullying.
Carrie felt low self-esteem, anger and sadness, that is included into low psychological well-being.

Physical bullying
Physical bullying is a serious problem, affecting not only the bully and the victim, but also others who witness the bullying. Parents, teachers, and others concerned adults and young people should be aware of what a physical bully is and some of the ways to handle it. There are many types of negative physical interactions that can occur between young people including fighting, practical jokes, stealing, and sexual harassment.

Figure 3. Physical Bullying
This scene is when Carrie wanted to ask for help. In addition to cheering her friends threw pads on Carrie. Carrie was very sad, scared, because she did not know about menstruation. Throwing an object against the person could be called physical bullying, because the action all of the girls embarrass Carrie. Feelings manifest loneliness and she evident dislike for all of friend is included into poor social adjusment.

Discussion
From year to year, bullying is an issue that continues to be in the spotlight. The reason is this case increasingly prevalent along with the time. Not only done in physical form, but also through words to harassment on social media. Words indeed have power. Based on the result of data analysis, the researcher found the types of bullying and impacts of bullying. After the researcher found it, the researcher could compare the result of this research to both previous studies found in "Bullying Portrayed in Mean Girls Movie: A Psychoaanlysis" written by Sirly (2017) and "Representasi Bullying di Lingkungan Sekolah dalam Film" written by Rachmawaty (2016).
In the first previous study, it was found that dominant type of bullying is social bullying while the second previous study shows about depiction of bullying actions in the world of teenegers which is likened to jungle, which is battle where the strongest will be the winner.

Conclusion
The researcher found the types of bullying and impacts of bullying. The kinds of types of bullying is physical bullying, verbal bullying, social bullying, and cyber bullying. The dominant types of bullyings found was verbal bullying, because the characters in the movie was female did the bullyings using words to intimidate, insult, and call someone freak, stupid, and crazy. The kinds of impact of bullying is low psychological well-being, poor adjustment, psychological distress and physical unwellness. The dominant impacts of bullying found was low psychological well-being.
In other hand, the researcher thought that this movie did not support bullying, because in the end of this movie showed every characters who did the bullying dead killed by Carrie and when Carrie was at home, she killed her mother and died crushed by the rubble of her house destroyed by her owner.

Suggestion
The researcher suggests the next researchers to be more specific in analyzing the bullying using psychoanalysis approach. Moreover, the researcher suggests the next researchers to focus on analyzing psychological bullying. Finally, the researcher hopes this research can give an inspiration to the readers to continue this research on bullying using psychoanalysis approaches.